13 research outputs found

    Etude des processus de fracturation et vĂȘlage d'iceberg en Antarctique : une histoire du glacier Mertz

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    Ces travaux de thĂšse prĂ©sentent les processus de fracturation des glaciers Ă©missaires menant au vĂȘlage. Dans le cadre du programme CRAC-ICE, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©volution du glacier Ă©missaire Mertz, situĂ© sur la cĂŽte George V en Antarctique de l'est. Avant son vĂȘlage qui a eu lieu en FĂ©vrier 2010, libĂ©rant un iceberg de 80 km de long par 35 km de large, ce glacier Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ© par une langue de glace se dĂ©veloppant sur l'eau. Cette langue de glace, sĂ©parĂ©e par une faille depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990, Ă©tait longue de 150 km par 35 km de large. GrĂące Ă  un ensemble de donnĂ©es in-situ, d'images satellite basse et haute rĂ©solution et le dĂ©veloppement d'un modĂšle ocĂ©anique (TUGO-Mertz), nous avons suivi l'Ă©volution de ce glacier ainsi que le devenir de son iceberg. La premiĂšre partie de ce travail a consistĂ© Ă  dĂ©velopper une stratĂ©gie de traitement de donnĂ©es GPS nous permettant ainsi d'obtenir la meilleure prĂ©cision possible sur nos donnĂ©es in-situ. Ces donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es via le logiciel GINS et une technique de traitement appelĂ©e IPPP basĂ©e sur le positionnement absolu et la rĂ©solution des ambiguĂŻtĂ©s en valeurs entiĂšre. La prĂ©cision des rĂ©sultats de positionnement nous a permis d'observer des oscillations d'am- plitude centimĂ©trique et de pĂ©riode de quelques minutes, qui, comparĂ©es Ă  un modĂšle de poutre d'Euler-Bernoulli, correspondent Ă  des modes de vibration de la langue de glace dans trois configurations diffĂ©rentes. Les pĂ©riodes de ces oscillations s'Ă©chelonnent de 5 minutes Ă  quelques heures. Dans ces gammes de valeurs, les principaux forçages ocĂ©a- niques sont la houle et les ondes d'Infra-GravitĂ©. De plus, nous avons pu dĂ©montrer que les mouvements associĂ©s Ă  la vibration du glacier entraĂźnent une torsion favorisant sa fracturation. A plus grande Ă©chelle, les courants de marĂ©e ainsi que la hauteur de surface impactent sur l'Ă©volution de la langue de glace. Les effets des courants se concentrent principalement sur l'ouverture des crevasses principales tandis que la hauteur de surface tend Ă  moduler la vitesse d'Ă©coulement du glacier. Cette modulation reprĂ©sente environ 5 cm/jour soit 14 % de la vitesse moyenne. Par ailleurs, nous avons suivi l'Ă©volution de la crevasse principale du glacier ; une originellement ouverte sur la partie est de la langue de glace et une ouverte sur la partie ouest. Elles ont ensuite continuĂ© son dĂ©veloppement jusqu'au vĂȘlage du glacier.Pour finir, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s aux diffĂ©rents acteurs en jeu lors de la rupture de la langue de glace menant au vĂȘlage. L'action de l'iceberg B09B et la modification des courants a jouĂ© un rĂŽle lors de cet Ă©vĂšnement mĂȘme si la crevasse Ă©tait en cours de dĂ©veloppement. L'ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats nous a permis d'identifier un large spectre de processus opĂ©rant avant et pendant un Ă©pisode de vĂȘlage. Ces processus sont majoritaires dans l'Ă©volution du glacier Mertz, mais ne sont pas encore pris en compte dans les modĂšles universels de vĂȘlage.This thesis presents a study of the rifting processes of an outflow glacier leading to cal- ving. In the context of the CRAC-ICE program we worked on understanding the evolution of the Mertz Glacier, located in the King George V Land, East Antarctica. Before its cal- ving which occurred in February 2010, releasing an iceberg of about 80 km long and 35 km width, the Mertz Glacier was characterized by an ice tongue extending into the open ocean. This ice tongue, fractured by a large rift since the beginning of 1990, was 150 km long by 35 km in width. Using a range of in-situ GPS data, satellite images and an ocea- nic tide model (TUGO-Mertz), we followed the evolution of the glacier and the calving of its iceberg. The first part of this study consisted in developing a high precision GPS processing strategy allowing us to get the best accuracy possible for our measurements. These data were processed using the GINS software and a processing strategy named IPPP, based on absolute positioning. The accuracy of our results allowed us the ability to observe centimeter scale oscillations of the ice tongue. Then, we compared these observed signals with an Euler-Bernoulli beam based model, and found out that they matched with vibration modes of the ice tongue in three different configurations. The periods recorded varied from 5 minutes to a few hours. In this range of temporal values, the main oceanic forcing mechanisms are ocean swell and infra-gravity waves. We also demonstrated that the vibrations of the glacier tongue, lead to torsion movements and hence rifting. At larger spatial scale, tidal currents and ocean sea surface height impacts on the evolution of the ice tongue. Tidal currents mainly affect the rift opening, whereas the sea surface height tends to modulate the along flow current velocity. In addition to these mechanisms, we followed the evolution of the main rift, first opening on the eastern part of the ice tongue and then on the western part until the glacier calved. Finally, we focused on the different processes leading to calving. The action of the B09B iceberg through the modification of tidal currents, played an important role in this event even if the main rift was almost completely opened

    Teacher's guide book for primary and secondary school

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    There is an urgent need for collective action to mitigate the consequences of climate change and adapt to unavoidable changes. The complexity of climate change issues can pose educational challenges. Nonetheless, education has a key role to play in ensuring that younger generations have the required knowledge and skills to understand issues surrounding climate change, to avoid despair, to take action, and to be prepared to live in a changing world. The Office for Climate Education (OCE) was founded in 2018 to promote strong international cooperation between scientific organisations, educational institutions and NGOs. The overall aim of the OCE is to ensure that the younger generations of today and tomorrow are educated about climate change. Teachers have a key role to play in their climate education and it is essential that they receive sufficient support to enable them to implement effective lessons on climate change. The OCE has developed a range of educational resources and professional development modules to support them in teaching about climate change with active pedagogy

    Tide-induced microseismicity in the Mertz glacier grounding area, East Antarctica

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    International audienceThe deployment of a seismic network along the AdĂ©lie and George V coasts in East Antarctica during the period 2009–2012 provides the opportunity to monitor cryoseismic activity and to obtain new insights on the relationship between tidal cycles and coastal glacier dynamics. Here we focus on records from a seismometer located on a rocky outcrop in the vicinity of the grounding line of the 35 km broad Mertz glacier, a major outflow of this region. We detect numerous icequakes (50,000 events within 10 months and up to 100 events/h) and demonstrate their clear tidal modulation. We suggest that they result from ice friction and fracturing around the rocky peak and from the glacier flexure in response to the falling and rising tides at its grounding area. We propose that such icequake monitoring could be used as a climate proxy since grounding lines are subject to migrate with sea level changes

    High-resolution barotropic modeling and the calving of the Mertz Glacier, East Antarctica

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    In February 2010, the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) calved, releasing an 80 × 40 km iceberg. We have developed a high-resolution barotropic ocean model of the region to simulate the local circulation in response to tides and atmospheric forcing. We improve

    Tide-induced microseismicity in the Mertz glacier grounding area, East Antarctica

    No full text
    The deployment of a seismic network along the Adélie and George V coasts in East Antarctica during the period 2009-2012 provides the opportunity to monitor cryoseismic activity and to obtain new insights on the relationship between tidal cycles and coas
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